Nicolas Faysse
Cirad, UMR G-EAU, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT), Tunis, Tunisia; G-EAU, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, BRGM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; faysse@cirad.fr

Zhour Bouzidi
Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; z.bouzidi@umi.ac.ma

Jean-Daniel Rinaudo
BRGM, Montpellier, France; G-EAU, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, BRGM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; jd.rinaudo@brgm.fr

Zakia Kchikech
Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; zakia0105@gmail.com

Yvan Caballero
BRGM, Montpellier, France; G-EAU, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, BRGM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; y.caballero@brgm.fr

Fatima Zahrae Boubekri
Agroparistech, Paris, France; fatimazahraeboubekri@gmail.com

Abdelouahab Nejjari
Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; a.nejjari@umi.ac.ma

ABSTRACT: Attempts to establish collaborative groundwater governance (CGG) have so far generally produced limited results in low- and middle-income countries. These shortcomings have been attributed to the high transaction costs associated with such approaches, making them impractical in informal water economies. This paper examines the obstacles to designing and implementing such an approach, through the analysis of a multistakeholder process conducted in a groundwater-depleted area in Northern Morocco. The process brought together farmers, staff members of public organisations, and other stakeholders to explore options for CGG. During the process, farmers created groundwater users associations and together the participants drafted an aquifer contract. The participatory process helped overcome several obstacles to CGG, particularly those related to farmers’ engagement. The finalisation of the aquifer contract was put on hold, however, due to the limited follow-up by state actors, the insufficient coordination among the numerous public actors involved, and weak political support. The study shows that CGG may not be inherently unfit for purpose in at least some low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, the participatory design of CGG can be an opportunity for horizontal dialogue between farmers operating in informal water economies and state administrations.

KEYWORDS: Aquifer contract, collaborative groundwater governance, groundwater depletion, Morocco

Pooja Prasad
School of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India; and Department of Land and Water Management, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands; p_pooja@iitd.ac.in

 ABSTRACT: There is an increasing emphasis in India on building climate resilience through public investments in irrigation. Maharashtra’s Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture is a first such state implementation. Although resilience is a systems concept, the project targets individual farm-level investments. Our aim is to evaluate how these investments reshape water access amongst all farmers and how they impact resilience. In our study area in Jalna district, we evaluate the proposed interventions by combining field data with a modelling approach. Two indices are developed to indicate resilience: Irrigation Risk Index and Lock-in Index. We find that though the project increases the volume of water harvested, farmers are incentivized to use most of it through agricultural intensification with no buffer to deal with shocks. Despite an apparent focus on the resilience, the implementation prioritises increasing productivity of the irrigators over addressing vulnerability of rainfed agriculture. Moreover, the promotion of multiyear orchards creates a lock-in and reduces the adaptive capacity of irrigators. At the same time, due to the common-pool-resource property of water, less is available for the supplemental irrigation needs of other farmers. We conclude that the programme not only reduces resilience but also exacerbates inequity in water access. The research contributes to debates on investments for productive versus supplemental irrigation in rainfed areas. It also highlights the need for incorporating an equity lens when designing for resilience.

KEYWORDS: Climate resilience, agriculture, equity, supplemental irrigation, Maharashtra, PoCRA, India

Frishta Qaderi
Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA; fqaderi@stanford.edu

ABSTRACT: This article explores water governance in Uzbekistan’s Zarafshan River Basin through a socio-legal analysis of human-fish relations. Building on scholarship that conceptualises fish as vessels embodying the biochemical, ideological, and economic forces of riverscapes, this article follows their movements through the domestic and international regimes that govern water, revealing how law, custom, and informal exchange shape everyday life along the river. Ethnographic research illuminates a post-Soviet landscape marked by legal pluralism: While international conventions introduced after the USSR’s collapse largely reinforced Soviet-era governance systems, decades of institutional decay – compounded by the Covid-19 pandemic, Russia’s war against Ukraine, and mounting food insecurity – have opened new spaces for local agency. Humans and fish have formed more-than-human assemblages to navigate this turbulent socio-political, environmental, and economic terrain. Uzbek citizens leverage their relationships with fish to reinterpret and contest water governance, asserting agency beyond formal law, while fish depend on human interventions for survival. This article overall introduces fish as a medium for tracing how legality and life flow through Central Asia’s fluid landscapes.

KEYWORDS: Water governance, human-fish relations, socio-legal studies, Uzbekistan, Aral Sea

Safira Salsabila
Center for Environmental Studies, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia; sfiraabila@gmail.com

Elizabeth MacAfee
Faculty of Spatial Sciences, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands; e.a.mac.afee@rug.nl

Arief D. Sutadian
Innovation and Technology, Regional Research and Development Agency (BP2D) of West Java Province, Indonesia; ariefdhany@jabarprov.go.id

Anindrya Nastiti
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia; anindrya@itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT: Dwindling groundwater levels and compromised water quality have led to concerns about the potential for near- and longer-term groundwater crises in the Bandung Metropolitan Area (BMA), located in the Bandung Groundwater Basin of Indonesia. The BMA is a rapidly urbanising region where much of the population relies on groundwater to meet its household needs and and where challenges are being encountered in accessing a reliable groundwater supply. There are multiple perspectives on what aspects of the crisis are most critical and many ideas as to what can and should be done, and with what urgency. Assemblage thinking can help to understand this complex field by highlighting the sociomaterial construction of environmental problems in ways that are always contingent, heterogeneous and influenced by the agency of multiple actors. In this case study, we use media analysis, semi-structured qualitative interviews, document analysis, and participant observation to examine how problematisations of groundwater emerge and coexist. Findings reveal that media narratives, the behaviour of local institutions, and the everyday practices of groundwater users influence water-crisis–related interactions with government and even shape the crisis itself. These dynamics contribute to fragmented groundwater governance where community-led practices coexist with formal institutional arrangements. The study highlights the potential of hybrid governance models to support adaptive and context-sensitive management, particularly in the BMA and in similar urbanising regions.

KEYWORDS: Groundwater, assemblage thinking, urban water management, hybrid governance, Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Vandy Yoga Swara
Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Social Development and Welfare, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; v.y.swara@uu.nl

Kei Otsuki
Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; k.otsuki@uu.nl

Michelle Kooy
Department of Water Governance, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Delft, The Netherlands; m.kooy@un-ihe.org

Femke van Noorloos
Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; h.j.vanNoorloos@uu.nl

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the historical trajectory of landscape transformation in Sepaku Subdistrict, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in order to clarify the extensive impacts of Indonesia’s capital relocation project, officially framed as a 'forest city'. To do this, we specifically focus on the relationship between the river and urbanisation. Theoretically, we draw on the political ecology of urbanisation, which generally focuses on uneven spatial development, and we focus empirically on the historical transformation of the river. Based on seven months of fieldwork (2022-2023), including semi-structured interviews, document analyses, and participant observation, we detail how two moments of state intervention have shaped the relationship between the river and urbanisation. The first moment involves the territorialisation of Sepaku as a productive forest area in the 1960s, transforming natural forests into industrial forests and resettlement zones through extensive transmigrant flows. The planned urbanisation marks the second moment, aimed at transforming Sepaku into a new, sustainable, and inclusive 'forest city'. We argue that the current condition of the river and the city has been iteratively shaped by two moments of socio-spatial and socio-natural transformation. In order to move away from these extractive legacies, further planning for the new capital city should consider this relationship and incorporate the river into its vision of sustainable and inclusive urbanisation.

KEYWORDS: Urbanisation, river, forest extraction, forest city, Indonesia’s new capital

Léo Biré
UMR G-EAU, PhD candidate, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; ACROSS IJL, IRD, Thuy Loi University, Vietnam; leo.bire@ird.fr

Jean-Philippe Venot
UMR G-EAU, Senior Researcher, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; jean-philippe.venot@ird.fr

Lý Ngọc Thùy Dương
Faculty of Anthropology, University of Social Sciences of Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam; lyduowng@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the everyday practices of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) in Vietnam’s Bắc Hưng Hải (BHH) irrigation system, a vast hydrosocial machine in the Red River Delta. Drawing on interviews and detailed ethnographic fieldwork, we document how SLBs (hydraulic cluster managers, station workers and water guides) navigate multiple sociomaterial interfaces, in the course of which they deal with a diversity of day-to-day sociomaterial constraints to make irrigation and drainage work. Far from being faceless agents of a rigid hydrocracy, SLBs care for the infrastructure they manage and engage in continuous sociotechnical tinkering and ethical improvisation to balance competing demands that include farmers’ needs, infrastructure decay, electricity costs, and bureaucratic oversight. We stress how SLBs engage in processes of intermediation, negotiation and bricolage, thereby shaping a particular form of everyday politics that combines formal rules with practical fixes and is epitomised in specific locales, the pumping stations where professional and social lives intertwine. As the Red River Delta faces mounting socio-environmental changes, understanding the hard work, gendered dynamics and situated ethics that characterise SLBs’ daily realities is crucial to anticipating the future of water governance in Vietnam.

KEYWORDS: Street-level bureaucrats, daily practices, irrigation, sociohydrological systems, Red River Delta, Vietnam

Catherine Sutherland
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sutherlandc@ukzn.ac.za

Bahle Mazeka
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; elmazeka@gmail.com

Anthony Odili
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; odilia@ukzn.ac.za

Fanele Magwaza
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; fanelem93@gmail.com

Hayley Leck
ICLEI Africa, Durban, South Africa; hayley.leck@iclei.org

Mary Lawhon
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; mary.lawhon@ed.ac.uk

ABSTRACT: Water is widely considered to be a basic need, a human right, a resource and a gift from nature, yet there are costs associated with providing it. As states seek to ensure access, controversies remain over water service type, ownership and funding. This paper traces debates over equity, access and costs, and points to a gap between justice-oriented debates and more quantitative studies of non-payment. We respond to this gap by considering the ethical, political and social dimensions of payment, as well as framing it as a relational practice connected to reliable provision. Drawing on surveys, focus groups and interviews from eThekwini Municipal Area – where the legacy of colonialism and apartheid continues to shape material inequality and political positions – we develop a typology for understanding beliefs and practices about payment for water services. Our mixed methods approach enables us to highlight that payment is relational, social and political, and is constructed through conflicting narratives. We consider both the value of a heuristic set of categories and the difficulties of drawing sharp distinctions between the reasons for non-payment. We conclude by reflecting on the difficulty and importance of integrating diverse economic, political economic, and ethical arguments around payment for services.

KEYWORDS: Water, payments for services, infrastructure, water economics, water justice, urban political ecology, eThekwini Municipal Area, South Africa

Hilde Nijland
Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; hilde_nijland99@hotmail.com

Sumit Vij
Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; sumit.vij@wur.nl

Jeroen Warner
Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; jeroen.warner@wur.nl

ABSTRACT: Urban wetlands are essential for sustaining biodiversity, mitigating floods and supporting livelihoods, yet they are among the planet’s most threatened ecosystems. In Guwahati, a rapidly urbanising capital city in Northeast India, wetlands are a critical urban commons. They are shared spaces managed and used by urban communities, and are vital to collective wellbeing. They currently face threats from urban agglomeration, and there remains a significant gap in the understanding of how different and often contesting discourses shape perceptions, uses and governance of these wetlands. This research, therefore, addresses the key question: How are the discourses surrounding Guwahati’s wetlands contested? Employing critical discourse analysis, data collection methods included semi-structured interviews with residents across Guwahati and field observations in the two wetland areas of Deepor Beel and Silsako Beel. Findings suggest that the state (municipal and other line agencies) primarily frames wetlands as a resource for driving urban development – a discourse that is reinforced by the state’s practices. This reflects a growing detachment from these ecosystems and a clear progression towards state control and commodification, where wetlands are transformed from urban commons and meaningful 'places’ into abstract, commercialised 'spaces'. These discourses are used by both the state and several residents, but are challenged by environmentally conscious residents and civil society groups advocating for wetland preservation. These contestations illustrate the complex and conflicting values attributed to urban wetlands. Currently, the state’s modernity agenda seems to take precedence, resulting in their increasing commodification.

KEYWORDS: Urban commons, contested discourses, wetlands, Guwahati, India

Magalie Bourblanc
CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, Université de Montpellier, France; and Extraordinary Lecturer, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria (South Africa); magalie.bourblanc@cirad.fr

ABSTRACT: Water issues in South Africa have been a subject of fascination for numerous scholars around the world. Its ground-breaking National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA), promulgated during the democratic political transition, was meant to introduce a complete overhaul of the water sector and ensure access to water for all. In a society haunted by a long legacy of racial discrimination and exploitation, water was deemed to bring about a process of reconciliation. The NWA quickly became one of the cardinal policy reforms of the newly elected African National Congress (ANC). Twenty-five years after its adoption, however, the results are disappointing. While access to drinking water for previously discriminated-against populations was dramatically improved (especially in urban areas), the same cannot be said of access to water for productive use. Indeed, regarding the water allocation reform in rural South Africa, 'water apartheid' is still alive and well. In their accounts of the failure of the reform, scholars often blame politicians and political elites for their supposed lack of willingness to follow up on the intentions of the progressive Act. In the tradition of public policy analysis, I concentrate on the policy side rather than on the politics to explain the failed promise of the water allocation reform. Reviewing the law implementation process, I analyse how policy objectives have been filtered through state departments’ organisational culture and professional routines and operationalised on the ground through technical policy instruments. Ultimately, I shed light on how, despite new political principles and dispensations that claim the contrary, it has been possible to reproduce racial inequality and to further entrench inequalities inherited from the past. I show that this has been done by concealing water grabs from political attention through resorting to discreet policy instruments and practices that obscure the critical question of water sharing.

KEYWORDS: South African National Water Act, implementation, policy review, policy instruments, water allocation redistribution, South Africa

Farhad Mukhtarov
Assistant Professor of Governance and Public Policy, International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, Netherlands; mukhtarov@iss.nl

Des Gasper
Professor Emeritus, International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, Netherlands; gasper@iss.nl

Michael Farrelly  
Independent researcher, Sheffield, United Kingdom; michaelfarrelly@discourseacademy.org

Malte Lüken
Research Software Engineer, Netherlands e-Science Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; m.luken@esciencecenter.nl

Kody Moodley
Senior Research Software Engineer, Netherlands e-Science Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; k.moodley@esciencecenter.nl

ABSTRACT: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has established itself since 2009 as an authority in water governance. This paper examines the strategies behind that emergence, applying quantitative and qualitative text analysis techniques to a corpus of 55 OECD documents produced between 2009 and 2022. We discern five legitimating strategies. First, the OECD followed a formula from its earlier engagement in other fields that had three components: 1) reframing existing knowledge and manufacturing a declared consensus in contentious areas, 2) formulating and disseminating blueprints for good governance, and 3) formulating and disseminating corresponding frameworks with which to evaluate performance. Its second strategy has been to stress topics and themes where it already had an established reputation, that is, 'good governance' and 'new public management'. The third strategy involved referencing a limited pool of external sources that were mostly from other international organisations and consultancy groups, and underutilising the academic literature on the subject. Fourth, it referenced itself extensively in both formal citations and frequent in-text references. Fifth and finally, it orchestrated temporary networks of actors to endorse its efforts and tools. Taken together, these strategies point to the self-referential nature of the OECD’s authority in this new field. We call attention to these legitimating strategies with the goal of challenging the OECD and other international organisations to adopt more adequate and inclusive knowledge bases.

KEYWORDS: OECD, water governance, authorisation, soft power, critical discourse analysis, Structural Topic Modelling