The Water Dissensus – A Water Alternatives Forum

"How could anything non-controversial be of intellectual interest to grown-ups?" (Edward Abbey) This Forum is intended to provide space for critical debates and discussions about water issues. Existing dissensus, or antagonistic values and points of view, can be turned into a learning opportunity for the benefit of all and give way to reasoned debates that have the potential both to further understanding of complex water issues and to generate new ideas.
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What is ‘equitable access to water’?

Equity


by Barbara Schreiner and Barbara van Koppen

Inequality has been rising across the world for several decades. While there has been a reduction in the number of people living in extreme poverty in some countries, the 1% have continued to amass vast amounts of wealth. What do internationally used concepts of "equitable access to water" really mean in this context? Is it just empty rhetoric?

On September 14, 2024, Juan López, environmental defender and coordinator of the Municipal Committee for the Defence of Common and Public Assets, was shot and killed in Tocoa, Colón, northern Honduras. He was part of the local community resistance against mining in a protected area with vital water resources which has been going on since 2015.[1] In 2023, 196 environmental defenders, and possibly more, were killed, mostly in Latin America.[2] Civic space is closing globally; according to Civicus, in 2023, only 2% of the global population could "freely access their rights to associate, protest and express dissent without significant constraints and limitations"—down from 3% in 2019.[3]

The COVID pandemic, impacts of climate change, conflict, and instability are interlinked and are increasing inequality within countries. 71% of the world's population lives in countries where inequality has grown.[4] Both income and wealth are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a tiny minority—the richest 1% now have more wealth than the bottom 95% of the world's total population. Only 31% of global wealth is owned by the Global South despite accounting for 79% of the world's population.[5] Rising national debt across the developing world, particularly in the poorest countries, is placing severe strain on national budgets as countries struggle to meet huge repayment obligations.

It is not a pretty picture, particularly if you are part of a poor or marginalised community.

In the water sector, we continue to talk of 'equitable access to water', but we are not clear on what is needed or how to achieve it. In the water services sector, the human right to water forms a baseline: it is widely agreed that everyone has a right to a minimum amount of water, defined by the WHO as 50 litres per person per day year-round, reliable, and close. Yet this should be considered the bare minimum, not an indicator of equity. In the area of water for productive purposes, not even such a bare minimum has been defined. The phrase, 'equitable access to water' is, to be honest, an empty slogan without substance.

According to the UNDP, "There is more than enough water in the world for domestic purposes, agriculture, and industry. The problem is that some people, notably the poor, are systematically excluded from access by their poverty, by their limited legal rights or by public policies that limit access to the infrastructures that provide water for life and livelihoods" (UNDP, 2026, p 3)

Rural communities in the global South may gain some access to water through self-supply, but with growing competition, they may be losing more through land acquisitions: infrastructure development to serve powerful urban elites, mines, industries, and large-scale mechanized agriculture; pollution; changes in cultivated crops and land use; and climate change.

In many cases, rural communities are ignored and relatively powerless—they generally must fight for a seat at the table, largely by organizing and mobilizing to have a real voice, particularly in the face of closing civic space. Many have resorted to protest actions or even revolutionary and disruptive activities to protect their rights. Statutory legal systems, often rooted in colonial legislation and focused on the formal economy, lack protection for rural water rights. In some countries in Latin America and Africa, protection is offered in land and forest legislation, but not in water legislation.

What does this mean for the water sector? What action is needed to challenge this erosion of water rights of marginalised communities?

Some rural communities have been more successful than others in protecting their water rights. But without a baseline and measurable agreement on equity, we cannot know whether these struggles have achieved some form of equity or have merely served to protect already severely curtailed access to water. How do we measure equitable access to water: do we need a volumetric indicator, as in the WASH sector, or a process indicator, e.g., regarding consultation with affected communities and a recognition of their expression of their needs, or a combination of both? Or something else entirely?

We need a clear, measurable agreement on what equity means, how to achieve it, and how we will know if it has been achieved. Surely it is not about ensuring that marginalised communities have a small amount of water that enables them to eke out a living on the borderline of poverty, but is it about ensuring access to water that enables transformation of the quality of life of these communities and lifts them out of poverty? For some, the escape from poverty may derived indirectly from water – through, for example, employment in industry or commercial agriculture. For others, who choose to remain on the land, there is a need for sufficient water (and support in using the water effectively) to create sustainable and decent livelihoods.

This begs the question as to whether change is possible in the water sector alone, or whether it requires far-reaching economic change: how can change in the water sector support other struggles, and vice versa, such as struggles to protect community land rights, struggles against mining and extractive industries, and struggles to access economic opportunities? What cross-sectoral collaborations have shown themselves to be most effective? Can indigenous people's land struggles be supported by ensuring equitable access to water?

Perhaps there are (partial) answers that lie in other sectors. The forestry sector, over many years, put in place a sustainability certification system that guarantees that the legal and cultural rights of local communities to land and forest resources are protected; and that local communities are consulted—but even this does this does not really grapple with issues of equity. Protecting the status quo may simply mean protecting an already inequitable system. Are there other sectors that have addressed the issue of equity better than we have done in the water sector?

This blog has raised many critical questions, to which there are no easy answers. We look forward to a dialogue that identifies potential ways forward.


Reference

UNDP. 2006. Human development report: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty, and the global water crisis. New York City, New York: United Nations Development Programme. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2006


[1] Honduras: Demand justice for murdered water defender

[2] The violent erasure of land and environmental defenders | Global Witness

[3] Rights Reversed: Data from 2019 to 2023

[4] Inequality – Bridging the Divide | United Nations

[5] World's top 1% own more wealth than 95% of humanity, as "the shadow of global oligarchy hangs over UN General Assembly," says Oxfam | Oxfam International

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Comments 23

Guest
Guest - Timothy O. Ogunbode on Saturday, 15 March 2025 16:55
Practical meaning of 'Equitable access to water'

I appreciate the author for raising this question.
Water is a resource which is unevenly distributed across the globe. While some regions are well endowed with the resource, some other regions are grossly deficient in water supply. Also, it is understood that economic prosperity across the globe is not even. While some regions are blessed with natural resources, technology advancement and buoyant economies, vast are the other regions that poor gifted or poorly developed in term of economic prosperity.
In view of these diverse characteristics, all of which have been reportedly found to exert impact on water use for different purposes, then equitable access to water can be described as "a situation of human access to the volume or quantity of water needed for a given purpose at a point in time and space". Looking at this, it is expected that water needs in a country that is economically or technologically buoyant is bound to be vary from the other country that is less endowed.
In conclusion, Water access becomes equitable when every individual could obtain the tight water volume needed for any purpose in time and space.

I appreciate the author for raising this question. Water is a resource which is unevenly distributed across the globe. While some regions are well endowed with the resource, some other regions are grossly deficient in water supply. Also, it is understood that economic prosperity across the globe is not even. While some regions are blessed with natural resources, technology advancement and buoyant economies, vast are the other regions that poor gifted or poorly developed in term of economic prosperity. In view of these diverse characteristics, all of which have been reportedly found to exert impact on water use for different purposes, then equitable access to water can be described as "a situation of human access to the volume or quantity of water needed for a given purpose at a point in time and space". Looking at this, it is expected that water needs in a country that is economically or technologically buoyant is bound to be vary from the other country that is less endowed. In conclusion, Water access becomes equitable when every individual could obtain the tight water volume needed for any purpose in time and space.
Guest
Guest - Raga Mohamed Elzaki on Saturday, 15 March 2025 18:15
Equitable access to water is fundamental to food security and economic growth.

Equitable access to water strengthens food security, boosts economic growth, and fosters stability. Governments, businesses, and communities must invest in efficient water management, infrastructure, and policies to ensure water is accessible to all, creating a more sustainable and prosperous future.

Equitable access to water strengthens food security, boosts economic growth, and fosters stability. Governments, businesses, and communities must invest in efficient water management, infrastructure, and policies to ensure water is accessible to all, creating a more sustainable and prosperous future.
Guest
Guest - Brian Chatterton on Sunday, 16 March 2025 10:30
Watercare lease

Watercare lease.

Over the last 200 years water has become a closed resource. As I write those words I can hear the protests down the WiFi. Some will claim that it was closed long before then and with certain systems such as the qanats in Iran that is true but in most cases the limits were water distribution rather than the actual water resource itself. At the other ned of the scale the closure depends on whether you are prepared to chase the last extreme rainfall event into storage. Closing the water resource is never as precise as closing the land resource.
Once you have closure, even if it is not as precise as land, you have property rights. There is no point in buying some property if it is still freely available. The transformation of property rights has been developing over thousands of years with land and some sort of freehold has become default. Freehold assumes all the rights and privileges belong to the freeholder but there are variations between for example the carpet and the car. The carpet is the most extreme. You can do what you like without limit. The car is also a piece of freehold property but you need a licence to drive it. There are speed limits and other restrictions on its use. We need to move water ownership away from the carpet model to the car model.
One way to do this is the watercare lease. The watercare lease gives a title for say 20 years to the water. This title carries certain conditions – a bit like driving a car. After 5 years the conditions are reviewed. If they are being met the lease is renewed for 5 years. There are reviews every 5 years and if they are always good the lease is renewed every time. If the owner fails the review the lease is not renewed and it is not cancelled. It can be renewed to the full 20 years at the next 10 year review or the 15 year review and even at 20 years. If it fails all the reviews the watercare lease simply expires. It is not cancelled or confiscated.
The watercare lease gives security to the holder to invest. I have used 20 years but this is determined locally. It may be more or less. Conditions can be put on a freehold but it is a continual fight as there is a bias in law towards the freeholder. The freeholder can be fined but the wealthy may see this as just another business expense or decide they can frustrate it with endless legal action. At the other end of the scale we want users to improve their skills and experience which will cost money. Fines will not help them to change. At the most extreme end confiscation of the freehold is extremely difficult and in the case of foreign investors can lead to huge compensation payments by the national government.
The watercare lease does not confiscate. The lease merely expires. The reviews can be challenged but they don't result in a fine but rather a subtle reduction in the capital value of the lease. This reduction is not however permanent and can be reversed. Hopefully the lease holder will see compliance as the most practical solution. At the end when non compliance leads to the lease expiring legal action is difficult because the lease holder had many warnings.
The length of the watercare lease and the reviews are determined locally according to the social needs and the resource constraints. It would deal with such matters as the volume of water, the return flow and other aspects of water management that incorporated the needs of the community and the environment.. A similar system is in operation in the rangeland of South Australia. The lease is 28 years with 7 year reviews but that is historic not due to any particular logic. It is not for water but for the conservation of the flora and fauna.

Brian Chatterton









Watercare lease. Over the last 200 years water has become a closed resource. As I write those words I can hear the protests down the WiFi. Some will claim that it was closed long before then and with certain systems such as the qanats in Iran that is true but in most cases the limits were water distribution rather than the actual water resource itself. At the other ned of the scale the closure depends on whether you are prepared to chase the last extreme rainfall event into storage. Closing the water resource is never as precise as closing the land resource. Once you have closure, even if it is not as precise as land, you have property rights. There is no point in buying some property if it is still freely available. The transformation of property rights has been developing over thousands of years with land and some sort of freehold has become default. Freehold assumes all the rights and privileges belong to the freeholder but there are variations between for example the carpet and the car. The carpet is the most extreme. You can do what you like without limit. The car is also a piece of freehold property but you need a licence to drive it. There are speed limits and other restrictions on its use. We need to move water ownership away from the carpet model to the car model. One way to do this is the watercare lease. The watercare lease gives a title for say 20 years to the water. This title carries certain conditions – a bit like driving a car. After 5 years the conditions are reviewed. If they are being met the lease is renewed for 5 years. There are reviews every 5 years and if they are always good the lease is renewed every time. If the owner fails the review the lease is not renewed and it is not cancelled. It can be renewed to the full 20 years at the next 10 year review or the 15 year review and even at 20 years. If it fails all the reviews the watercare lease simply expires. It is not cancelled or confiscated. The watercare lease gives security to the holder to invest. I have used 20 years but this is determined locally. It may be more or less. Conditions can be put on a freehold but it is a continual fight as there is a bias in law towards the freeholder. The freeholder can be fined but the wealthy may see this as just another business expense or decide they can frustrate it with endless legal action. At the other end of the scale we want users to improve their skills and experience which will cost money. Fines will not help them to change. At the most extreme end confiscation of the freehold is extremely difficult and in the case of foreign investors can lead to huge compensation payments by the national government. The watercare lease does not confiscate. The lease merely expires. The reviews can be challenged but they don't result in a fine but rather a subtle reduction in the capital value of the lease. This reduction is not however permanent and can be reversed. Hopefully the lease holder will see compliance as the most practical solution. At the end when non compliance leads to the lease expiring legal action is difficult because the lease holder had many warnings. The length of the watercare lease and the reviews are determined locally according to the social needs and the resource constraints. It would deal with such matters as the volume of water, the return flow and other aspects of water management that incorporated the needs of the community and the environment.. A similar system is in operation in the rangeland of South Australia. The lease is 28 years with 7 year reviews but that is historic not due to any particular logic. It is not for water but for the conservation of the flora and fauna. Brian Chatterton
Guest
Guest - Mike Muller on Sunday, 16 March 2025 16:51
Beyond the basic right to water, 'Equity in Access to Water' is determined by political processes beyond the 'water sector'

Water has many values and uses - and many of them conflict with each other.

Affordable access to adequate amounts of safe water is a human right. But the details of what is 'affordable' and 'access'; and what is an 'adequate amount' will be contested and eventually determined in a manner that reflects the values, politics and capabilities of the society concerned.

Beyond that, in any society, explicit or implicit social policy determines how further amounts of water can/will be made available for domestic use and how they will be shared within and between communities.

Water is also an essential input to a multitude of economic processes - from agriculture to manufacturing industry and its supply in a variety of qualities and volumes is determined by economic policy which, again, may be explicit or implicit. How available water is allocated between potential uses and users is a policy matter and will reflect the wider policy priorities of the society.

The protection of the water environment is sometimes regarded as an over-arching social objective but it is, again, determined by social policy. Contrary to the assertions of many environmental advocates, there are no absolute values for environmental protection although there are obvious limits where environmental impacts need to be managed because they impose social and economic costs on communities and the wider society.

This highlights the many interactions between the different social and economic objectives for the management and use of water. Environmental quality must be managed to avoid unacceptable social and economic impacts. Water use for economic purposes will be guided by economic policy which will determine whether water is allocated to high economic productivity activities (which support many jobs and economic development) or to lower productivity activities (which may support household livelihoods but benefit fewer people). The politics of each society will determine how decisions are reached and how conflicting objectives are resolved (or not).

Given these complex social, economic and political interactions, it may be advisable to maintain a focus on the basic right to enough safe water. Beyond that, decisions about other values and uses of water which involve a multitude of other activities and communities should be taken through wider political processes. They should not be the prerogative of the 'water sector' and water lobbyists although the sector and its lobbyists should participate in and inform the policy processes

Water has many values and uses - and many of them conflict with each other. Affordable access to adequate amounts of safe water is a human right. But the details of what is 'affordable' and 'access'; and what is an 'adequate amount' will be contested and eventually determined in a manner that reflects the values, politics and capabilities of the society concerned. Beyond that, in any society, explicit or implicit social policy determines how further amounts of water can/will be made available for domestic use and how they will be shared within and between communities. Water is also an essential input to a multitude of economic processes - from agriculture to manufacturing industry and its supply in a variety of qualities and volumes is determined by economic policy which, again, may be explicit or implicit. How available water is allocated between potential uses and users is a policy matter and will reflect the wider policy priorities of the society. The protection of the water environment is sometimes regarded as an over-arching social objective but it is, again, determined by social policy. Contrary to the assertions of many environmental advocates, there are no absolute values for environmental protection although there are obvious limits where environmental impacts need to be managed because they impose social and economic costs on communities and the wider society. This highlights the many interactions between the different social and economic objectives for the management and use of water. Environmental quality must be managed to avoid unacceptable social and economic impacts. Water use for economic purposes will be guided by economic policy which will determine whether water is allocated to high economic productivity activities (which support many jobs and economic development) or to lower productivity activities (which may support household livelihoods but benefit fewer people). The politics of each society will determine how decisions are reached and how conflicting objectives are resolved (or not). Given these complex social, economic and political interactions, it may be advisable to maintain a focus on the basic right to enough safe water. Beyond that, decisions about other values and uses of water which involve a multitude of other activities and communities should be taken through wider political processes. They should not be the prerogative of the 'water sector' and water lobbyists although the sector and its lobbyists should participate in and inform the policy processes
Guest
Guest - Brian Chatterton on Tuesday, 18 March 2025 07:23
The politics of property

The politics of property rights are central to the equitable distribution of water. Perhaps the most extreme cases occur in the USA. The fact that irrigation water for the alfalfa fields that produce hay for the horse in the Royal Saudi Stables receives priority over showers and flushing toilets for poor people shocks me.

The politics of property rights are central to the equitable distribution of water. Perhaps the most extreme cases occur in the USA. The fact that irrigation water for the alfalfa fields that produce hay for the horse in the Royal Saudi Stables receives priority over showers and flushing toilets for poor people shocks me.
Guest
Guest - Barbara Schreiner on Tuesday, 18 March 2025 07:36
Engaging the broader policy process

Hi @Mike Muller - I tend to agree with you that the water sector can't achieve equity on its own - but have you seen successful processes where the water sector has engaged with the broader political processes and had any real impact, particularly in relation to protecting and restoring the water rights of the rural poor? I wonder if anyone has any information on good case studies of this? Or, indeed, of good examples of where rural communities have managed to fight for their water rights to be recognised or restored

Hi @Mike Muller - I tend to agree with you that the water sector can't achieve equity on its own - but have you seen successful processes where the water sector has engaged with the broader political processes and had any real impact, particularly in relation to protecting and restoring the water rights of the rural poor? I wonder if anyone has any information on good case studies of this? Or, indeed, of good examples of where rural communities have managed to fight for their water rights to be recognised or restored
Guest
Guest - Briab Chatterton on Thursday, 20 March 2025 06:49
Policy direct

My experience in the WANA region has indicated the opposite direction is being taken with more governments interested in water markets. These come with fewer and fewer social obligations. The end result is often the person with the deepest well gets the water.

My experience in the WANA region has indicated the opposite direction is being taken with more governments interested in water markets. These come with fewer and fewer social obligations. The end result is often the person with the deepest well gets the water.
Guest
Guest - Barbara on Friday, 28 March 2025 08:05
Water markets and inequality

Hi Brian - do you know of anything that has been written up about this? Particulary wrt the deepening of inequalities as a result?

Hi Brian - do you know of anything that has been written up about this? Particulary wrt the deepening of inequalities as a result?
Guest
Guest - Gary Bing PeEng on Wednesday, 02 April 2025 20:57
Gary Bing PrEng

'Focus on the basic right', really, when the real fight is to stop the plundering of resources by your party with cadre deployment and nepotism that is destroying the chances for equitable access to any service. 'Inform the policy process': there is good enough policy, as said the real problem are the greedy politicians. In any case input is limited to the very same who are in government and any civil society input is totally ignored.

'Focus on the basic right', really, when the real fight is to stop the plundering of resources by your party with cadre deployment and nepotism that is destroying the chances for equitable access to any service. 'Inform the policy process': there is good enough policy, as said the real problem are the greedy politicians. In any case input is limited to the very same who are in government and any civil society input is totally ignored.
Guest
Guest - Martin on Monday, 17 March 2025 14:56
Equity is doable but its rhetoric can be complicated

Equity is a term that sounds simple but quite deeply difficult. Has any community in the world ever achieved 100% equitable access to water? In my opinion, no. If any one was to do so, it would require meeting a large range of things, some of which are:
1)Tackle climate-induced inequities.
2)Resolve conflict-induced inequities.
3)Address poverty-related inequities.
4)Thoroughly understand geographies of equity.

Though the equity rhetoric often sounds nice and attractive, equitable access to water also requires that a large range of actors and stakeholders work together to achieve common goals, which is often a challenging thing. Simply put, equitable access to water may oblige actors and stakeholders to relook issues around sharing gains and loses relating to water access. And this boils down to politics, which is what makes it complicated. Once water becomes a good that is used to build or destroy political capital, anyone undertaking advocacy like Juan López may be treading a dangerous path. The rhetoric may say that the rich should pay for the poor to have improved access to water. However, the poor require a voice to compel the rich to pay and quite often it is slippery ground particularly in the developing world. So what is the better way forward? The poor must acquire political influence and use it to radically change policy and practice. Only then can they effectively "defend".


Equity is a term that sounds simple but quite deeply difficult. Has any community in the world ever achieved 100% equitable access to water? In my opinion, no. If any one was to do so, it would require meeting a large range of things, some of which are: 1)Tackle climate-induced inequities. 2)Resolve conflict-induced inequities. 3)Address poverty-related inequities. 4)Thoroughly understand geographies of equity. Though the equity rhetoric often sounds nice and attractive, equitable access to water also requires that a large range of actors and stakeholders work together to achieve common goals, which is often a challenging thing. Simply put, equitable access to water may oblige actors and stakeholders to relook issues around sharing gains and loses relating to water access. And this boils down to politics, which is what makes it complicated. Once water becomes a good that is used to build or destroy political capital, anyone undertaking advocacy like Juan López may be treading a dangerous path. The rhetoric may say that the rich should pay for the poor to have improved access to water. However, the poor require a voice to compel the rich to pay and quite often it is slippery ground particularly in the developing world. So what is the better way forward? The poor must acquire political influence and use it to radically change policy and practice. Only then can they effectively "defend".
Guest
Guest - Barbara Schreiner on Friday, 28 March 2025 08:09
Political influence for the poor

Hi Martin - I agree on the issue of the poor obtaining political influence, but of course, this is easier said than done. Do you know of any examples where this has happened, even at the local level, and what mechanisms poor communities used to obtain this influence? It would also be great to know that the outcome was, and whether this can go somewhere to assisting in conceptualising a definition of equity - at least from a procedural perspective - 'nothing about us without us' as it were

Hi Martin - I agree on the issue of the poor obtaining political influence, but of course, this is easier said than done. Do you know of any examples where this has happened, even at the local level, and what mechanisms poor communities used to obtain this influence? It would also be great to know that the outcome was, and whether this can go somewhere to assisting in conceptualising a definition of equity - at least from a procedural perspective - 'nothing about us without us' as it were
Guest
Guest - Naim Haie on Monday, 17 March 2025 17:18
Sustainable equity

Thank you. You raised the most complex issue in water management and security. What is water equity and how to quantify it? Let me please outline my suggestions (1).

Equity as fairness has different meaning to different water stakeholders (almost all of us). Its definition is based on three dimensions, two of which are need and value. The first affirms a minimum and is mostly about survival. However, this low level and essential fairness (i.e., water equality) is not sufficient for some of the stakeholders, hence the second one. Here, more value should be given to those that can achieve it for the betterment of the society, including higher benefits for themselves. However, there are limits (i.e., maximums), particularly under water scarcity. Hence, for a water use system, both minimum and maximum water access (allocation) need to be set, which also guide us for learning about water trade-offs.

Furthermore, it is crucial to understand that sustainable equity (Sequity) can not be achieved if fairness is not seen wholistically. It is impossible to allocate excessive amount of water to some, knowing that very little water will remain for others, particularly under water scarcity. In other words, there is an essential association between distributive and aggregative dimensions of Sequity. This complex requirement will balance all kinds of interests of the stakeholders (including the political side) in a more transparent manner.

Finally, there is a confusion between water adaptation and mitigation (2). Focussing on water adaptation and considering the above general outline, we can logically develop indicators based on universal principles that can quantify Sequity.


(1) Haie, Naim (2024) Reasonable water management shift via Sefficiency in Sequity. International Journal of Water Resources Development (IJWRD), 40(6), 1094–1101. doi 10.1080/07900627.2024.2372580

(2) "First, mitigation refers to the measures taken to reduce the underlying causes of water issues (scarcity), such as climate change and population. Adaptation, on the other hand, refers to the measures taken to manage the (limited) availability of quality water under uncertainty (IPCC, 2022). Hence, adaptive management must promote, as its priority, sustainable development of the (scarce) water itself in space and time." (1)

Thank you. You raised the most complex issue in water management and security. What is water equity and how to quantify it? Let me please outline my suggestions (1). Equity as fairness has different meaning to different water stakeholders (almost all of us). Its definition is based on three dimensions, two of which are need and value. The first affirms a minimum and is mostly about survival. However, this low level and essential fairness (i.e., water equality) is not sufficient for some of the stakeholders, hence the second one. Here, more value should be given to those that can achieve it for the betterment of the society, including higher benefits for themselves. However, there are limits (i.e., maximums), particularly under water scarcity. Hence, for a water use system, both minimum and maximum water access (allocation) need to be set, which also guide us for learning about water trade-offs. Furthermore, it is crucial to understand that sustainable equity (Sequity) can not be achieved if fairness is not seen wholistically. It is impossible to allocate excessive amount of water to some, knowing that very little water will remain for others, particularly under water scarcity. In other words, there is an essential association between distributive and aggregative dimensions of Sequity. This complex requirement will balance all kinds of interests of the stakeholders (including the political side) in a more transparent manner. Finally, there is a confusion between water adaptation and mitigation (2). Focussing on water adaptation and considering the above general outline, we can logically develop indicators based on universal principles that can quantify Sequity. (1) Haie, Naim (2024) Reasonable water management shift via Sefficiency in Sequity. International Journal of Water Resources Development (IJWRD), 40(6), 1094–1101. doi 10.1080/07900627.2024.2372580 (2) "First, mitigation refers to the measures taken to reduce the underlying causes of water issues (scarcity), such as climate change and population. Adaptation, on the other hand, refers to the measures taken to manage the (limited) availability of quality water under uncertainty (IPCC, 2022). Hence, adaptive management must promote, as its priority, sustainable development of the (scarce) water itself in space and time." (1)
Guest
Guest - Barbara Schreiner on Tuesday, 18 March 2025 07:33
Sequity indicators

Thanks @Naim Haie, for your input. I wonder if you have given any thought to what the indicators for Sequity might look like? I'd love to hear your view

Thanks @Naim Haie, for your input. I wonder if you have given any thought to what the indicators for Sequity might look like? I'd love to hear your view
Guest
Guest - Naim Haie on Wednesday, 19 March 2025 16:15
Sequity

Thank you Barbara. Considering a water use system (WUS - a city, farm, ...), let me please explain a little bit more the two of the three dimensions of Sequity that I mentioned in my previous message. It is crucial to understand hat the three must be tightly molded together to be able to attain Sequity as fairness.

The Need dimension is a basic requirement for all, hence it is referred to as the Equality dimension of the Sequity. This lowest degree of fairness can be explained as follows:

"Equality ensures the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions to eliminate water poverty, i.e., guaranteeing a ‘minimum’ allocation to all concerned (UN human right to water – United Nations General Assembly [UNGA], 2010)." (1)

This minimum is a number and set by the water authority of a WUS.

The Value dimension "is quantified from water supply and water demand sides. The former gives the ratio of total useful output to total useful input, and the latter gives the ratio of total useful consumption to total unrecoverable flow (TUF;
see Terminology)." (1)

We can logically and via a universal principle develop this dimension into a value-ridden indicator. Its generic expression is an apparently simple ratio, which I call sustainable efficiency (Sefficiency = SE):
SE=(UC+ic*UR)/(UI-(1-ic)*UR)
with: ic=1 for the supply side indicator; ic=0 for the demand side. For example, SE=(UC+UR)/UI gives the supply side indicator. Here, U stands for Usefulness Criterion, C for Consumption, R for Return, and I for Inflow (supply). U combines both water quality (pollution) and water benefits in accordance with the objectives of the WUS. Hence, UC is the amount of water Consumption that is useful.

SE is developed in chapter 4 of my book and is freely available in PubMed of US National Institutes of Health, PMCID: PMC7305767:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7305767/?report=classic
You can find more info in my website at
https://sites.google.com/view/naimhaie5

As I mentioned Sequity is highly complex. This is not due to complicated equations, but for the fact that sustainable and fair water management has many factors, players and principles. It has also been suggested that a Sequity solution should be reached through a "reasonable judgement" (1).

Thank you Barbara. Considering a water use system (WUS - a city, farm, ...), let me please explain a little bit more the two of the three dimensions of Sequity that I mentioned in my previous message. It is crucial to understand hat the three must be tightly molded together to be able to attain Sequity as fairness. The Need dimension is a basic requirement for all, hence it is referred to as the Equality dimension of the Sequity. This lowest degree of fairness can be explained as follows: "Equality ensures the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions to eliminate water poverty, i.e., guaranteeing a ‘minimum’ allocation to all concerned (UN human right to water – United Nations General Assembly [UNGA], 2010)." (1) This minimum is a number and set by the water authority of a WUS. The Value dimension "is quantified from water supply and water demand sides. The former gives the ratio of total useful output to total useful input, and the latter gives the ratio of total useful consumption to total unrecoverable flow (TUF; see Terminology)." (1) We can logically and via a universal principle develop this dimension into a value-ridden indicator. Its generic expression is an apparently simple ratio, which I call sustainable efficiency (Sefficiency = SE): SE=(UC+ic*UR)/(UI-(1-ic)*UR) with: ic=1 for the supply side indicator; ic=0 for the demand side. For example, SE=(UC+UR)/UI gives the supply side indicator. Here, U stands for Usefulness Criterion, C for Consumption, R for Return, and I for Inflow (supply). U combines both water quality (pollution) and water benefits in accordance with the objectives of the WUS. Hence, UC is the amount of water Consumption that is useful. SE is developed in chapter 4 of my book and is freely available in PubMed of US National Institutes of Health, PMCID: PMC7305767: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7305767/?report=classic You can find more info in my website at https://sites.google.com/view/naimhaie5 As I mentioned Sequity is highly complex. This is not due to complicated equations, but for the fact that sustainable and fair water management has many factors, players and principles. It has also been suggested that a Sequity solution should be reached through a "reasonable judgement" (1).
Guest
Guest - Barbara on Friday, 28 March 2025 08:14
Sequity

Hi
the chapter you refer to is on Sefficiency - which is very different from Sequity. Focusing on efficiency may well undermine equity. Perhaps there is a different chapter in your book on Sequity?

Hi the chapter you refer to is on Sefficiency - which is very different from Sequity. Focusing on efficiency may well undermine equity. Perhaps there is a different chapter in your book on Sequity?
Guest
Guest - Marcin Pchałek on Tuesday, 18 March 2025 15:19
legal perspective

In my opinion in order to define equitable access to waters it should be necessary to reset all the determinants of water policy effecting from diversified economical, social and political variables. Than we could try to consider the essence of this term taking into account the ecological and climate feedback. The definition of equitable access to waters shall include qualitative and quantitative criteria regarding surface and groundwater bodies as well as type of use of resources (individual, collective, industrial). Moreover today the resources of fresh waters are temporarily “non renewable” what has been indirectly indicated in the provisions of RED III directive and directly in reports of International Energy Agency. It means that „equitable access” must have exemptional meaning with a more restrictive objectives as regards current status as well as nature restoration policy especially in the field of Free Flowing Rivers. In my opinion we can indicate leading conditions of sustainable water management policy which includes:
1) Clear and precise hierarchy of interests where the primary activities are dedicated to achievement of objectives established as regards quantitative, ecological and chemical status of surface water (appropriately quantitative and chemical status of groundwater bodies);
2) Supporting of the abovementioned activities by restoration of longitudinal, lateral and vertical connectivity of flowing river stretches;
3) Preferences concerning nature based solutions for the purposes of flood risk management, water retention and prevention of hydrological droughts;
4) Limitation of activities significantly affecting HYMO status of waters to circumstances where the lack of alternatives has been undoubtfully proved (e.g. Loara River case shows that without artificial water reservoirs the energetical safety would be seriously endangered in case of Nuclear Plants; on the other hand decision made by German Government as regards closing Nuclear Plants resulted in energetic breakdown at the first night and in necessity of importing of nuclear energy from foreign countries).
5) However the crucial vector of integrated water management should be based on consciousness that “equitable access to waters” reflects the paradigmat assuming that the “blue” and “green” infrastructure plays the outstanding role as regards food and drinking water safety as well as mitigation and adaptation to climate changes (see role of wetlands in LULUCF scheme). That’s why the European Parliament has called the Commission to establish legal and financial frameworks guaranteeing recognizing waters resources as a “critical”. Unfortunately only in the form of resolution of “soft law” nature”.
With best wishes
Marcin Pchałek

In my opinion in order to define equitable access to waters it should be necessary to reset all the determinants of water policy effecting from diversified economical, social and political variables. Than we could try to consider the essence of this term taking into account the ecological and climate feedback. The definition of equitable access to waters shall include qualitative and quantitative criteria regarding surface and groundwater bodies as well as type of use of resources (individual, collective, industrial). Moreover today the resources of fresh waters are temporarily “non renewable” what has been indirectly indicated in the provisions of RED III directive and directly in reports of International Energy Agency. It means that „equitable access” must have exemptional meaning with a more restrictive objectives as regards current status as well as nature restoration policy especially in the field of Free Flowing Rivers. In my opinion we can indicate leading conditions of sustainable water management policy which includes: 1) Clear and precise hierarchy of interests where the primary activities are dedicated to achievement of objectives established as regards quantitative, ecological and chemical status of surface water (appropriately quantitative and chemical status of groundwater bodies); 2) Supporting of the abovementioned activities by restoration of longitudinal, lateral and vertical connectivity of flowing river stretches; 3) Preferences concerning nature based solutions for the purposes of flood risk management, water retention and prevention of hydrological droughts; 4) Limitation of activities significantly affecting HYMO status of waters to circumstances where the lack of alternatives has been undoubtfully proved (e.g. Loara River case shows that without artificial water reservoirs the energetical safety would be seriously endangered in case of Nuclear Plants; on the other hand decision made by German Government as regards closing Nuclear Plants resulted in energetic breakdown at the first night and in necessity of importing of nuclear energy from foreign countries). 5) However the crucial vector of integrated water management should be based on consciousness that “equitable access to waters” reflects the paradigmat assuming that the “blue” and “green” infrastructure plays the outstanding role as regards food and drinking water safety as well as mitigation and adaptation to climate changes (see role of wetlands in LULUCF scheme). That’s why the European Parliament has called the Commission to establish legal and financial frameworks guaranteeing recognizing waters resources as a “critical”. Unfortunately only in the form of resolution of “soft law” nature”. With best wishes Marcin Pchałek
Guest
Guest - Barbara on Friday, 28 March 2025 08:35
Equitable allocation

Hi Marcin
thanks for this input - this seems to me to focus very much on water for ecological purposes and the functioning of water resources. What it doesn't seem to respond to is the main thrust of our question - how do we determine the fair sharing of water between water users (having taken into account what is needed for ecological purposes). Often we see rural communities being deprived of their access to water through pollution, climate change, or more powerful actors entering the fray, and yet we continue to talk about equity. Does equitable access to water not imply that in many places rural communities should be being given greater access to water, to enable their local development and food security, rather than being at the wrong end of severe competition for water with more powerful actors?

Hi Marcin thanks for this input - this seems to me to focus very much on water for ecological purposes and the functioning of water resources. What it doesn't seem to respond to is the main thrust of our question - how do we determine the fair sharing of water between water users (having taken into account what is needed for ecological purposes). Often we see rural communities being deprived of their access to water through pollution, climate change, or more powerful actors entering the fray, and yet we continue to talk about equity. Does equitable access to water not imply that in many places rural communities should be being given greater access to water, to enable their local development and food security, rather than being at the wrong end of severe competition for water with more powerful actors?
Guest
Guest - Naim Haie on Friday, 21 March 2025 12:05
Business as usual!!

The entry of @Mike Muller (and a few others) gives the ideas that has been employed for decades and made water poverty more severe. These ideas have been prevalent because of strong lobbyists for land, food, ecosystem, oil... and never allowed water to become the priority issue for making final decisions. The saying goes something like this:

I have to increase my profits and interests and I have to have more water. The resulting water poverty is not my problem - it is water sector's (government's) problems.

This is actually a reflection of the basic ideas of our societies today (not just water): I get as much as I can - poverty and degradation are the problems of the 'others'.

Changing this kind of mindset in the world is very hard. But a fundamental shift is inevitable.

The entry of @Mike Muller (and a few others) gives the ideas that has been employed for decades and made water poverty more severe. These ideas have been prevalent because of strong lobbyists for land, food, ecosystem, oil... and never allowed water to become the priority issue for making final decisions. The saying goes something like this: I have to increase my profits and interests and I have to have more water. The resulting water poverty is not my problem - it is water sector's (government's) problems. This is actually a reflection of the basic ideas of our societies today (not just water): I get as much as I can - poverty and degradation are the problems of the 'others'. Changing this kind of mindset in the world is very hard. But a fundamental shift is inevitable.
Douglas Merrey on Friday, 21 March 2025 15:35
Water Inequality is a Symptom of Deeper Socio-economic Inequality

The blog and a few comments have touched on this: after over 50 years working on various aspects of water management, it is clear to me that we cannot use water interventions to achieve a fair level of equity (however it is defined). The fact that a few interests (e.g., the alfalfa farmers mentioned above) have the social, economic and political clout to hold on to "their" water resource illustrates the point. The South African experience which in the first decade or so anyway, tried harder than just about anyone else to make water access more equitable, is a source of lessons: without deeper economic and political reforms, redistributing water is never going to happen.

All this means we "water folks" need to create alliances with other groups working to achieve more equitable societies.

The blog and a few comments have touched on this: after over 50 years working on various aspects of water management, it is clear to me that we cannot use water interventions to achieve a fair level of equity (however it is defined). The fact that a few interests (e.g., the alfalfa farmers mentioned above) have the social, economic and political clout to hold on to "their" water resource illustrates the point. The South African experience which in the first decade or so anyway, tried harder than just about anyone else to make water access more equitable, is a source of lessons: without deeper economic and political reforms, redistributing water is never going to happen. All this means we "water folks" need to create alliances with other groups working to achieve more equitable societies.
Bruce Lankford on Saturday, 22 March 2025 08:43
Taking a local, participatory, and incremental approach to equity

Thank you Barbara and Barbara for raising this important issue! I’ve much enjoyed reading your introduction and the rich insightful comments from others.

Of the many answers to the question ‘what is equitable access to water?’, I’d like to consider ‘processual pragmatism’. By this I mean taking a combined approach that is; 1) local, 2) participatory, and 3) incremental. I have written about this before under the idea of ‘expedient allocation’, plus it is embodied in my river basin game (aka the marbles game - which Barbara van Koppen knows about).

To introduce this, I first argue it could be problematic to rely on a universal (or global or theoretical) approach to ‘what is equity’ on the basis of formal indicators that invariably end up examining mathematical equivalences of water volumes allocated to and between sectors. (And which might miss out on the other properties of water such as quality, affordability, location, timing, depth, kinetic energy and so on). For example, irrigation might consume 90% of water in a semi-arid river basin and that statistic looks highly inequitable. But imagine we get it down to 80% and allocate that 10% to other sectors in a timely, clean and affordable way. The remaining fraction 80% to irrigation still looks inequitable. In other words, we have to be careful of putting too much on percent fractions per se as a means to understand equity. But we need to measure water allocations, withdrawals and consumption over time to know current patterns, and whether and how we are making progress. And lack of knowledge about flows of water supply and demand is why we struggle to bear down on equity.

We also know that there are considerable legacy effects that sustain either a status quo, or allow powerful sectors to keep growing their water withdrawals and consumption. I’ve written about this in a blog on my website on how irrigation colonises freshwater. I believe current mainstream water disciplines of law, engineering, social science and economics are not that good at holistic system interpretation. A bitty disciplinary approach is insufficient to address wider and cross-scalar system dynamics and outcomes. Thus, I think a straightforward engagement with legacy modalities of water law, water engineering and water economics seems to be ‘less solution’ and ‘more problem’ regarding redressing water equity. I also worry that relying on formal water solutions (e.g. satellite data and soil sensors) delivered in participatory ways to local farmers is not sufficient. Here, the power remains with the expert, their ‘water solution’ and their convenient diagnoses that everyone is not managing water correctly.

Moreover, this solution-, expert-driven approach manages to occlude a fundamental participatory principle (when defined by Robert Chamber’s idea of empowerment) – which is this: We need to facilitate robust local conversations between water users, asking 'who among them are the experts in water management - and how and why do they know that?' Once irrigators, including quieter voices, have carefully discussed cross-scale system factors that shape their water management and sharing, experts can partner with them with new ideas and, if required, resources. Also external advisors might play a useful role in ratifying the new sharing arrangements, and agree these fall within their disciplinary understanding of water sharing to agree; 'yes, this is more equitable than before'.

Summarising, to address equitable access and allocation, I believe we need a robust participatory dialogue process that seeks to incrementally adjust today’s allocations so that each year we gradually shift to new shares deemed to be more equitable than previous shares. This must be done locally and employ all voices in a catchment/aquifer, not just the expert or expert-parroting voices in the room. There are many local excellent water managers who, in their locality, are influential or marginalised, and who have insightful views on water sharing. We need to find them, give them a functioning local platform, and then have external experts support their views and attempts to change things, as well as helping to synthesise difficult-to-gather data on progress made. Measuring progress at different scales is also important in order to account for - and control - paradoxical reversals and rebounds.

I’m not saying anything new here about the importance of participation and dialogue, and I don't discount the need for some serious reforms of water institutions, law, engineering, economics that shape water allocation. And I appreciate how we need to examine the political economies of food security, rural employment, the energy sector also shape water allocations.

But I am calling for a more expedient redistribution of water via through practical adjustments in water management. However my interpretation of the current state of water management is that influence and power is back with the formal/external expert and their solutions, albeit with a participatory add-on. (BTW, I think the cause of this is the funding- and donor-facing environment that researchers encounter, in order to showcase sciencey interventions that lead to intermediate uptake and impact). But I don’t think this formal expertise is sufficient to readjust current water (in)equity. Catchment water sharing patterns are also a function of many cumulative local per-hectare or per-household effects, and at this scale at the bottom end, there are not enough external experts and sensors to go round.

With all best wishes to all working in this most fascinating of puzzles! Bruce

Thank you Barbara and Barbara for raising this important issue! I’ve much enjoyed reading your introduction and the rich insightful comments from others. Of the many answers to the question ‘what is equitable access to water?’, I’d like to consider ‘processual pragmatism’. By this I mean taking a combined approach that is; 1) local, 2) participatory, and 3) incremental. I have written about this before under the idea of ‘expedient allocation’, plus it is embodied in my river basin game (aka the marbles game - which Barbara van Koppen knows about). To introduce this, I first argue it could be problematic to rely on a universal (or global or theoretical) approach to ‘what is equity’ on the basis of formal indicators that invariably end up examining mathematical equivalences of water volumes allocated to and between sectors. (And which might miss out on the other properties of water such as quality, affordability, location, timing, depth, kinetic energy and so on). For example, irrigation might consume 90% of water in a semi-arid river basin and that statistic looks highly inequitable. But imagine we get it down to 80% and allocate that 10% to other sectors in a timely, clean and affordable way. The remaining fraction 80% to irrigation still looks inequitable. In other words, we have to be careful of putting too much on percent fractions per se as a means to understand equity. But we need to measure water allocations, withdrawals and consumption over time to know current patterns, and whether and how we are making progress. And lack of knowledge about flows of water supply and demand is why we struggle to bear down on equity. We also know that there are considerable legacy effects that sustain either a status quo, or allow powerful sectors to keep growing their water withdrawals and consumption. I’ve written about this in a blog on my website on how irrigation colonises freshwater. I believe current mainstream water disciplines of law, engineering, social science and economics are not that good at holistic system interpretation. A bitty disciplinary approach is insufficient to address wider and cross-scalar system dynamics and outcomes. Thus, I think a straightforward engagement with legacy modalities of water law, water engineering and water economics seems to be ‘less solution’ and ‘more problem’ regarding redressing water equity. I also worry that relying on formal water solutions (e.g. satellite data and soil sensors) delivered in participatory ways to local farmers is not sufficient. Here, the power remains with the expert, their ‘water solution’ and their convenient diagnoses that everyone is not managing water correctly. Moreover, this solution-, expert-driven approach manages to occlude a fundamental participatory principle (when defined by Robert Chamber’s idea of empowerment) – which is this: We need to facilitate robust local conversations between water users, asking 'who among them are the experts in water management - and how and why do they know that?' Once irrigators, including quieter voices, have carefully discussed cross-scale system factors that shape their water management and sharing, experts can partner with them with new ideas and, if required, resources. Also external advisors might play a useful role in ratifying the new sharing arrangements, and agree these fall within their disciplinary understanding of water sharing to agree; 'yes, this is more equitable than before'. Summarising, to address equitable access and allocation, I believe we need a robust participatory dialogue process that seeks to incrementally adjust today’s allocations so that each year we gradually shift to new shares deemed to be more equitable than previous shares. This must be done locally and employ all voices in a catchment/aquifer, not just the expert or expert-parroting voices in the room. There are many local excellent water managers who, in their locality, are influential or marginalised, and who have insightful views on water sharing. We need to find them, give them a functioning local platform, and then have external experts support their views and attempts to change things, as well as helping to synthesise difficult-to-gather data on progress made. Measuring progress at different scales is also important in order to account for - and control - paradoxical reversals and rebounds. I’m not saying anything new here about the importance of participation and dialogue, and I don't discount the need for some serious reforms of water institutions, law, engineering, economics that shape water allocation. And I appreciate how we need to examine the political economies of food security, rural employment, the energy sector also shape water allocations. But I am calling for a more expedient redistribution of water via through practical adjustments in water management. However my interpretation of the current state of water management is that influence and power is back with the formal/external expert and their solutions, albeit with a participatory add-on. (BTW, I think the cause of this is the funding- and donor-facing environment that researchers encounter, in order to showcase sciencey interventions that lead to intermediate uptake and impact). But I don’t think this formal expertise is sufficient to readjust current water (in)equity. Catchment water sharing patterns are also a function of many cumulative local per-hectare or per-household effects, and at this scale at the bottom end, there are not enough external experts and sensors to go round. With all best wishes to all working in this most fascinating of puzzles! Bruce
Guest
Guest - Manfred MATZ / Tunisia on Tuesday, 25 March 2025 13:00
Intergenerational inequity

The authors are right saying that there is inequality in acessing current water ressources. But please don't forget that on of the biggest inequalities on water used is between the current and future generations. In countries where you have a significant, over many years continuing drawdown on groundwater, this is a significant indicator for much less water ressources available than used. Falling water table is like a 'credit' on fresh water that we take on future water users that have to live with groundwater tables being much lower are even vanished completely. Most of the MENA countries are facing the same situation. STrange anogh that very often in exactly these countries, water used is subsidized what is just having the opposite effect of what should be done in reality: giving water a price that reflect its avalability. At the contrary many countries water managers and governments in exactlu theses countries behave as if the water ressources are just an endless ressource. Valueing financially water ressources better would be -among managing access through concessions and permits - a simple method to show that it's a rare ressource that - as any products in the world that gets rare - increases in price. By applying a water pricing - availabilty method cleverly (f.e. progressive water ressources and drinking water prices), intergenerational but as well current inequalities could be tackled. Access to water should be affordabale - thats right - but not on the expense of those who don't have a voice: The Poor from the today and future generations in generell.

The authors are right saying that there is inequality in acessing current water ressources. But please don't forget that on of the biggest inequalities on water used is between the current and future generations. In countries where you have a significant, over many years continuing drawdown on groundwater, this is a significant indicator for much less water ressources available than used. Falling water table is like a 'credit' on fresh water that we take on future water users that have to live with groundwater tables being much lower are even vanished completely. Most of the MENA countries are facing the same situation. STrange anogh that very often in exactly these countries, water used is subsidized what is just having the opposite effect of what should be done in reality: giving water a price that reflect its avalability. At the contrary many countries water managers and governments in exactlu theses countries behave as if the water ressources are just an endless ressource. Valueing financially water ressources better would be -among managing access through concessions and permits - a simple method to show that it's a rare ressource that - as any products in the world that gets rare - increases in price. By applying a water pricing - availabilty method cleverly (f.e. progressive water ressources and drinking water prices), intergenerational but as well current inequalities could be tackled. Access to water should be affordabale - thats right - but not on the expense of those who don't have a voice: The Poor from the today and future generations in generell.
Guest
Guest - Hannah Neumeyer on Wednesday, 26 March 2025 12:08
On using human rights

I am adding a few cents as a human rights lawyer. My answer is based on an assumed place where dialogue between the different people concerned is possible - the hard struggles that the kick-off post mention need different approaches.
First off, we seem to all agree that it's a process. I am convinced that human rights cna support that process, for at least two reasons:
1. As an analytical framework,
2. as guidance for the process itself.
On the analytical framework: Equity is not legally defined, but we seem to all mean the fair distribution of the resource water. If we look at that from a human rights perspective, different rights need to be considered. The right to water for everone living there. For a farmer needing water for irrigation, the rights to food and work are relevant. The right to work can be relevant for the workers of a factory next door. The right to health and-or a healthy environment is relevant for the prevention of pollution. And so forth... So analytically, what is the available water needed for in the place we are talking about - and how can the different needs be balanced out such that all the rights of the people living there can be realised best?
Using human rights analytically can be helpful because of the common legal definition they come with. And because the legal commitment and definition are somewhat removed from doubt because states have internationally committed to them.
On the guidance that human rights can bring to the process itself: All human rights are underpinned by common principles. Participation, accountability, sustainability, transparency, equality and non-discrimination. If a process to balance out the different rights and legitimate interests integrates these principles, then equitable results become more achievable.
This is not easy. Where I have seen it work is in the use of the Make Rights Real approach, which I had the pleasure to co-develop with an interdisciplinary group of people. Three core ideas underpin it, and I am paraphrasing here from this article https://www.mdpi.com/629022
Human rights can be constructive and enabling for WASH professionals.
Local government is a critical institution to focus on.
Human rights need to become relevant and useful to local government.
The approach then uses a process of engagement with local government officials that starts from the aspect of duty or responsibility: You, the local government officials, are tasked by e.g. policy X to ensure that... It then builds empathy by seeking a conversation about challenges with fulfilling this duty, structured along a common routine of local government processes. Followed by a conversation about how human rights principles can improve results towards implementation of policy implementation. Simple example: You are responsible for ensuring everyone has adequate water services. Who are the people most marginalised - why is it difficult to ensure services for them - what can you do about it. One of the most inspiring examples of success was a local government official who realised through this process that looking at marginalised people was part of his job; that the difficulty for piped water supply in a marginalised rural village was to get the equiptment to the village that did not have an access road. He then set out to plan for gradual improvement - building an access road so that then a piped supply system could be built.
Does the approach always work this well? No. There are many factors underpinning success, and it's not always easy (and I no longer work with it these days). But I am convinced that using human rights as an analytical framework and for process guidance can help.

I am adding a few cents as a human rights lawyer. My answer is based on an assumed place where dialogue between the different people concerned is possible - the hard struggles that the kick-off post mention need different approaches. First off, we seem to all agree that it's a process. I am convinced that human rights cna support that process, for at least two reasons: 1. As an analytical framework, 2. as guidance for the process itself. On the analytical framework: Equity is not legally defined, but we seem to all mean the fair distribution of the resource water. If we look at that from a human rights perspective, different rights need to be considered. The right to water for everone living there. For a farmer needing water for irrigation, the rights to food and work are relevant. The right to work can be relevant for the workers of a factory next door. The right to health and-or a healthy environment is relevant for the prevention of pollution. And so forth... So analytically, what is the available water needed for in the place we are talking about - and how can the different needs be balanced out such that all the rights of the people living there can be realised best? Using human rights analytically can be helpful because of the common legal definition they come with. And because the legal commitment and definition are somewhat removed from doubt because states have internationally committed to them. On the guidance that human rights can bring to the process itself: All human rights are underpinned by common principles. Participation, accountability, sustainability, transparency, equality and non-discrimination. If a process to balance out the different rights and legitimate interests integrates these principles, then equitable results become more achievable. This is not easy. Where I have seen it work is in the use of the Make Rights Real approach, which I had the pleasure to co-develop with an interdisciplinary group of people. Three core ideas underpin it, and I am paraphrasing here from this article [url=https://www.mdpi.com/629022][/url] Human rights can be constructive and enabling for WASH professionals. Local government is a critical institution to focus on. Human rights need to become relevant and useful to local government. The approach then uses a process of engagement with local government officials that starts from the aspect of duty or responsibility: You, the local government officials, are tasked by e.g. policy X to ensure that... It then builds empathy by seeking a conversation about challenges with fulfilling this duty, structured along a common routine of local government processes. Followed by a conversation about how human rights principles can improve results towards implementation of policy implementation. Simple example: You are responsible for ensuring everyone has adequate water services. Who are the people most marginalised - why is it difficult to ensure services for them - what can you do about it. One of the most inspiring examples of success was a local government official who realised through this process that looking at marginalised people was part of his job; that the difficulty for piped water supply in a marginalised rural village was to get the equiptment to the village that did not have an access road. He then set out to plan for gradual improvement - building an access road so that then a piped supply system could be built. Does the approach always work this well? No. There are many factors underpinning success, and it's not always easy (and I no longer work with it these days). But I am convinced that using human rights as an analytical framework and for process guidance can help.
Guest
Guest - Barbara van Koppen on Monday, 07 April 2025 19:24
Quantifying equity

Is there a clear, measurable agreement on what equity means? How to go beyond this core minimum floor of just 50-100 litres per capita per day for universal basic domestic uses, while all domestic uses still only represent 3 percent of all water withdrawals? Is it enough to just expand this core minimum with the higher quantities for basic productive uses to realize the right to food and an adequate standard of living? Instead of these - important, and, as you say, Hannah, legally binding- floors, the standard for equity can also be a thriving life. This is the approach of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water. They quantified water requirements for a dignified life, so thriving instead of just surviving. They calculated a minimum of about 4000 litres per capita per day. This is rounded down from approximately 3800 lpcd for food plus 50 lpcd for domestic uses plus a nominal 322 lpcd for industry. (Global Commission on the Economics of Water. 2024. The economics of water. Valuing the Hydrological Cycle as a Global Common Good. https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf ).

Is there a clear, measurable agreement on what equity means? How to go beyond this core minimum floor of just 50-100 litres per capita per day for universal basic domestic uses, while all domestic uses still only represent 3 percent of all water withdrawals? Is it enough to just expand this core minimum with the higher quantities for basic productive uses to realize the right to food and an adequate standard of living? Instead of these - important, and, as you say, Hannah, legally binding- floors, the standard for equity can also be a thriving life. This is the approach of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water. They quantified water requirements for a dignified life, so thriving instead of just surviving. They calculated a minimum of about 4000 litres per capita per day. This is rounded down from approximately 3800 lpcd for food plus 50 lpcd for domestic uses plus a nominal 322 lpcd for industry. (Global Commission on the Economics of Water. 2024. The economics of water. Valuing the Hydrological Cycle as a Global Common Good. https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf ).
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